• In the latent inhibition model a conditioned

  2021-11-29

  

  In the latent inhibition model, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is pre-exposed alone without any consequences (i.e., unconditioned stimulus [US]) in the pre-exposure phase. The CS is then associated with a US to form a CS-US association. The strength of the CS-induced response in the pre-exposure group

• Through the analysis of various

  2021-11-29

  

  Through the analysis of various synthetic GPR40 agonists as reported in literature, we found that a number of these compounds contained a phenylpropanoic aspartame products sale motif which was inspired from naturally occurring medium to long chain fatty acids. For instance, in the early period of

• Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from th

  2021-11-29

  

  Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon[20]. Shikonin treatment inhibits AKT and ERK signaling pathways and induces apoptosis through FOXO transcription factors and mitochondrial pathway [21], [22]. Recent results suggest inhibition of l

• LbGlcK crystallized as a ligandless

  2021-11-29

  

  LbGlcK crystallized as a ligandless dimer in the asymmetric unit of space group P21 (Fig. 1a) with two identical subunits stabilized by a large contact surface area of 2295 Å2 (13% of the total surface area) as determined by the Protein Interfaces, Surfaces, and Assemblies (PISA) server [18]. Each m

• Many studies support that Gli

  2021-11-29

  

  Many studies support that Gli transcription factors are not solely regulated by Hh/smo signaling but are also influenced by crosstalk with other pathways, such as RAS, PI3K/AKT, transforming growth factor-b/SMAD, PKC, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways which are downstream and indepen

• Introduction Osteoarthritis OA is a prevalent disease charac

  2021-11-29

  

  Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease characterized by chronic joint degeneration, including articular cartilage loss, synovitis and osteophyte formation [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. The cause of OA is metabolic imbalance and mechanical stress, which is coupled with inflammation, lead

• VS strategies have been building momentum

  2021-11-29

  

  VS strategies have been building momentum in G4 drug discovery both as a low-cost enrichment step and as a lead development step in the discovery pipeline, which our laboratory has previously discussed [31]. Whereas traditional HTS methods rely on obtaining and screening hundreds or thousands of com

• Activation of FXR or TGR

  2021-11-29

  

  Activation of FXR or TGR5 has overlapping but also differing effects on metabolic regulation and inflammation [1]. In this report, we demonstrate that in addition to preventing the progression of obesity, NAFLD, and atherosclerosis, activation of BA receptors can also promote regression of these com

• br Competing interests br Authors contributions br Transpare

  2021-11-29

  

  Competing interests Authors contributions Transparency document Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may further progress to liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma

• The G protein coupled receptor GPR also called FFAR responds

  2021-11-29

  

  The G protein-coupled receptor, GPR40 (also called FFAR1) responds to medium and long chain unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in increase of insulin secretion during elevated glucose levels. The glucose dependency of insulin secretion makes this receptor a very good target for developing therapies

• br FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR GPR br G

  2021-11-29

  

  FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR 1 (GPR40) G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 120 CONCLUSION Free fatty Walrycin B receptors whose natural ligands are identified as FFAs having various lengths have been reported. They act as novel nutrient sensing receptors independent of PPARs and FABPs, and they are know

• Liposomes that are less than nm

  2021-11-29

  

  Liposomes that are less than 200nm in diameter are necessary to optimize uptake of liposomes by CAY10683 mg (Oesterling et al., 2014). The liposomes constructed in these experiments were found to be sufficiently small in diameter for use in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Even smaller diameters a

• In addition to SAHA SBHA also showed

  2021-11-29

  

  In addition to SAHA, SBHA also showed a strong rescue effect. SAHA is a general inhibitor of HDAC function (Finnin et al., 1999, Kim and Bae, 2011), while SBHA is more specific, and has been shown to inhibit HDAC1 and HDAC3 (Richon et al., 1998). The relative level of suppression was similar in Kis

• br Introduction Excitatory pyramidal neurons are generated i

  2021-11-29

  

  Introduction Excitatory pyramidal neurons are generated in the cortical ventricular zone and migrate into the cortical plate alongside the radial glial processes (Chanas-Sacre et al., 2000, Hartfuss et al., 2001, Noctor et al., 2001, Rakic, 1972, Tan et al., 1998). Neuronal migration determines t

• Introduction The hypoglossal nucleus is the nucleus

  2021-11-29

  

  Introduction The hypoglossal nucleus is the nucleus of the twelfth cranial nerve and is located on both sides of the mid line in the dorsal medulla oblongata and is situated between the proximal end of the medullary central canal and the beginning of the fourth ventricle (Tomasch and Etemadi, 1962)

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